Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Resource Center for Pastured Poultry Growers

APPPA is your go to resource for understanding the avian influenza threat in a pastured poultry context. 

On this Page...

• Risk in Perspective
• Track the 2022 Outbreak
• APPPA Articles
• Clinical Signs
• Webinars & Interviews
• USDA Resources

Pastured poultry producers often wonder if they're at risk and what they should do. They are bombarded by advice and guidance that conflicts with their model, such as, bring all your birds inside. That advice is given from a intense confinement perspective by people who have no idea what it means to be pasture raised. 

HPAI is real and it affects poultry, so that means you bear some risk, regardless of how you raise your birds. We argue that the pastured model presents significantly less risk than an intensely confined commercial model, and that it doesn't make sense for you to bring your birds inside. 

Like any other part of our pastured poultry business, we encourage you to be informed so you can make the best decision you can for your farm. These resources will help you do that. 

Risk in Perspective

We need to start with the simple position. All poultry is susceptible to HPAI. If you have poultry they could contract HPAI, and this transcends production models.

Being susceptible, however, doesn't equate to being sick. Nor should we assume that exposure leads to sickness. 

The virus causes the most damage to intensely confined flocks commonly found in the commercial poultry industry. A relative small number of backyard birds have also been affected.

But backyard is not synonymous with pastured and the commercial flocks, as USDA is reporting them, do not include any pastured flocks. That means if you want to assess your risk, as a pastured poultry producer, you're going to need to apply all the data and insights to your model. 

In the 2014-2015 outbreak the affected sites looked like this. 

• 211 commercial poultry farms killing 50 million chickens and turkeys.
• 21 backyard flocks killing 10,000 birds. Approximately 5,000 of those backyard birds were on a gamebird farm. 

The outbreak in 2022 displayed similar trends, however, the number of backyard flocks identified as HPAI positive in 2022 has risen sharply over the 2015 numbers. The USDA detections actually show more backyard flocks than commercial flocks. As of August 25, 2022:

• 190 commercial poultry farm killing 38.6 million chickens and turkeys.
• 218 backyard flocks killing 93,000+ birds. Although two affected backyard farms comprise flocks of 54,200 and 22,000 birds. 

USDA reporting on what is a backyard flock versus a commercial flock is convoluted and is written with international trade in mind. When you look at the list of reported detections,  you'll even find various sites defined as "non-poultry."

The risk is two sided. How likely is it that your pastured flock will become infected, and if your pastured flock does become infected, what's the risk that you'll spread it to other farms. In 2016, USDA APHIS deemed smaller farms of all types to be less risk than the  more densely and intensively stocked commercial operations (see the exemption discussion in this interim indemnity rule). 

One key difference from USDA and other state organizations from 2015 to the 2022 outbreak is that in 2015, the messaging from USDA tried to transfer the risk of disease and transmission to non-commercial flocks. The available data refuted this notion. In 2022, the messaging was friendlier and shifted to ensure non-commercial flocks knew they were at risk and that everyone just wanted to help.

Perhaps this friendlier approach yielded more people who were looking or perhaps the strain in 2022 was more virulent. Either way, this doesn't really change the overall risk. Less than 1% of the birds killed because of HPAI in 2022 were non-commercial flocks. And there continues to be a lack of evidence that any of the affected locations were pasture raised. 

Track the 2022 Outbreak

• Flock detections. 
• Wild bird detections

Articles 

The articles linked below were written in 2015, but they are still relevant. They explain the pastured poultry advantage. 

• Holistic Approach to Pastured Poultry Biosecurity.
• Fostering Health: The Pastured Poultry Approach to Dealing with Avian Influenza
  
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Summary Presentation for Lancaster Panel Discussion - 2015

Clinical Signs

In the Pastured Poultry Talk episode "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Pastured Poultry," Dr. Wood shares these clinical signs that could indicate HPAI. However, it's important to understand that these signs are not definitive, as other diseases may present the same signs.

• Higher than normal death rate (not associated with other events)
• Sharp reduction in feed and water consumption
• The birds become very quiet
• Respiratory problems:  difficulty breathing, coughing, sneezing, snicking
• discharge from eyes and beak
• Neurological signs: difficulty walking or twisted neck
• Sharp drop in egg production
• Swollen combs and wattle or they turn bluish/purplish in color from lack of oxygen
• Swelling around the eyes

The only way to confirm HPAI is through laboratory testing, so you should call your local state veterinarian office or call the USDA hotline at 866-4USDA-WS.

Webinars and Interviews

The following webinars and interviews share a lot of details about Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza for pastured poultry producers. 

USDA Resources

• Improving Biosecurity with Wildlife Management Practices
• Defend the Flock
• Final Report for the 2014–2015 Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in the United States
• Conditions for Payment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Indemnity Claims
• 1-866-4USDA-WS to report suspected HPAI

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